Illinois is a state of contrasts, with sprawling cornfields, small towns, and a metropolis so influential that it overshadows the rest of the state. That metropolis is Chicago, home to nearly 9.5 million of Illinois’ 12.5 million residents—a staggering 75% of the state’s population. This dominance is unmatched in the U.S., even among states with other “primate cities” like Portland, Phoenix, or Baltimore. So, what makes Chicago’s relationship with Illinois so unique? To understand, we need to delve into history, geography, and the socio-economic forces that propelled Chicago to its current prominence.
A Historical Perspective on Chicago’s Rise
1. Native Foundations and Early Exploration
Before Chicago became a global city, its land was home to native Algonquin tribes for centuries. The area’s significance emerged in 1673 when French explorers Louis Jolliet and Father Jacques Marquette mapped the region during their expedition. They noted the area’s importance as a portage connecting the Great Lakes to the Mississippi River—a critical trade route.
2. From New France to American Control
The French capitalized on Chicago’s strategic location for fur trading but didn’t establish large settlements. Following the French and Indian War (1763), control of the region passed to the British and eventually to the United States after the Revolutionary War. Illinois became part of the Northwest Territory, solidifying its place within the burgeoning nation.
3. Illinois Statehood and a Game-Changing Decision
When Illinois gained statehood in 1818, its original northern boundary excluded Chicago. Nathaniel Pope, a congressional delegate, successfully argued to extend the border 60 miles north to include Lake Michigan and the mouth of the Chicago River. This decision was pivotal, ensuring Illinois would benefit from the economic opportunities that Lake Michigan and the Chicago Portage offered.
4. The Founding of Chicago
Jean Baptiste Point du Sable, often called the founder of Chicago, established a trading post in the area in the 1780s. The town of Chicago wasn’t formally incorporated until 1833, with a population of just 350. The city’s early growth was slow, but its strategic location promised future prosperity.
Chicago’s Geographical Edge
1. The Importance of the Chicago Portage
The Chicago Portage connects the Great Lakes to the Mississippi River, making it a vital transportation hub. Goods could move seamlessly from the Northeast to the South and even to the Western frontier.
2. Railroads and Canals
In the mid-1800s, Chicago’s rise accelerated with infrastructure projects like the Illinois and Michigan Canal (1848) and the development of a sprawling railroad network. These connections established Chicago as the nation’s transportation hub, linking farms, factories, and markets.
3. Central Location, National Impact
Even as the U.S. transitioned to air travel in the 20th century, Chicago maintained its relevance due to its central location. Airports like Midway (opened in 1928) and later O’Hare International cemented the city’s status as a major transit hub.
The Urban Boom
1. Exponential Growth
By 1860, Chicago had become the ninth-largest city in the U.S., growing from a population of 4,000 in 1837 to over 112,000. The city’s population soared to 1.7 million by 1900, making it one of the fastest-growing cities in history.
2. Economic Powerhouse
Chicago quickly diversified its economy. From meatpacking in the late 19th century to steel production during World War II, the city became a manufacturing and processing hub. Today, it boasts one of the most diverse economies in the U.S., with no single sector contributing more than 13% of its GDP.
Illinois Beyond Chicago
1. The Rural Breadbasket
While Chicago dominates economically and culturally, much of Illinois remains rooted in agriculture. Southern Illinois, with its corn and soybean farms, epitomizes rural American life. Approximately 30% of the state is covered by cornfields, and small towns thrive on these agricultural foundations.
2. The Southern Divide
Culturally and politically, Southern Illinois often aligns more with the conservative Midwest or even the Bible Belt than with Chicago’s urban values. This divide has led to tensions, with rural residents feeling overshadowed by Chicago’s influence on state politics.
Economic Interdependence
Despite the divisions, Illinois’ economy relies heavily on Chicago. Chicagoland, the metropolitan area, generates a GDP of $800 billion—similar to Switzerland’s economy. Including the rest of Illinois, the state’s GDP surpasses $1 trillion, comparable to the Netherlands.
The Myth of Unequal Taxation
A common misconception is that rural Illinois subsidizes Chicago. In reality, studies show that Cook County and Chicago suburbs contribute significantly more in taxes than they receive, while rural counties often receive more state funding than they contribute.
The Secession Movement
Frustration with Chicago’s dominance has fueled a secessionist movement in Illinois. Advocates propose separating Chicago from the rest of the state, making it the 51st U.S. state. While unlikely to succeed, the movement underscores the stark divisions between urban and rural Illinois.
A United Illinois
Chicago’s dominance over Illinois is undeniable, but both regions benefit from their connection. The rural areas supply agricultural goods, while Chicago drives economic growth and innovation. Together, they make Illinois stronger than either could be alone.
FAQs
1. Why is Chicago so dominant in Illinois?
Chicago’s dominance stems from its strategic location, historical development as a transportation hub, and diversified economy.
2. How much of Illinois’ population lives in Chicago?
Approximately 75% of Illinois’ population resides in the Chicago metropolitan area.
3. What led to Illinois’ borders including Chicago?
Nathaniel Pope advocated for extending Illinois’ northern border to include Lake Michigan, recognizing its economic importance.
4. Are rural areas subsidizing Chicago?
No, studies show Chicago and its suburbs contribute more in taxes than they receive, while rural areas benefit from higher state funding.
5. What is the Illinois secession movement?
The movement aims to separate Chicago from Illinois, but it is unlikely to succeed due to legal, economic, and logistical challenges.
